This tutorial shows you how build a simple Clojure application with CockroachDB using leiningen and a PostgreSQL-compatible driver.
We have tested the Clojure java.jdbc driver in conjunction with the PostgreSQL JDBC driver enough to claim beta-level support, so that combination is featured here. If you encounter problems, please open an issue with details to help us make progress toward full support.
Before you begin
- Install CockroachDB.
- Start up a secure or insecure local cluster.
- Choose the instructions that correspond to whether your cluster is secure or insecure:
Step 1. Install leiningen
Install the Clojure lein utility as described in its official documentation.
Step 2. Create the maxroach user and bank database
Start the built-in SQL client:
$ cockroach sql --certs-dir=certs
In the SQL shell, issue the following statements to create the maxroach user and bank database:
> CREATE USER IF NOT EXISTS maxroach;
> CREATE DATABASE bank;
Give the maxroach user the necessary permissions:
> GRANT ALL ON DATABASE bank TO maxroach;
Exit the SQL shell:
> \q
Step 3. Generate a certificate for the maxroach user
Create a certificate and key for the maxroach user by running the following command. The code samples will run as this user.
New in v19.1: Pass the --also-generate-pkcs8-key flag to generate a key in PKCS#8 format, which is the standard key encoding format in Java. In this case, the generated PKCS8 key will be named client.maxroach.key.pk8.
$ cockroach cert create-client maxroach --certs-dir=certs --ca-key=my-safe-directory/ca.key --also-generate-pkcs8-key
Step 4. Create a table in the new database
As the maxroach user, use the built-in SQL client to create an accounts table in the new database.
$ cockroach sql \
--certs-dir=certs \
--database=bank \
--user=maxroach \
-e 'CREATE TABLE accounts (id INT PRIMARY KEY, balance INT)'
Step 5. Run the Clojure code
Now that you have a database and a user, you'll run code to create a table and insert some rows, and then you'll run code to read and update values as an atomic transaction.
Create a basic Clojure/JDBC project
- Create a new directory
myapp. Create a file
myapp/project.cljand populate it with the following code, or download it directly.(defproject test "0.1" :description "CockroachDB test" :url "http://cockroachlabs.com/" :dependencies [[org.clojure/clojure "1.8.0"] [org.clojure/java.jdbc "0.6.1"] [org.postgresql/postgresql "9.4.1211"]] :main test.test)Create a file
myapp/src/test/util.cljand populate it with the code from this file. Be sure to place the file in the subdirectorysrc/testin your project.
Basic statements
First, use the following code to connect as the maxroach user and execute some basic SQL statements, inserting rows and reading and printing the rows.
Create a file myapp/src/test/test.clj and copy the code below to it, or download it directly. Be sure to rename this file to test.clj in the subdirectory src/test in your project.
(ns test.test
(:require [clojure.java.jdbc :as j]
[test.util :as util]))
;; Define the connection parameters to the cluster.
(def db-spec {:dbtype "postgresql"
:dbname "bank"
:host "localhost"
:port "26257"
:ssl true
:sslmode "require"
:sslcert "certs/client.maxroach.crt"
:sslkey "certs/client.maxroach.key.pk8"
:user "maxroach"})
(defn test-basic []
;; Connect to the cluster and run the code below with
;; the connection object bound to 'conn'.
(j/with-db-connection [conn db-spec]
;; Insert two rows into the "accounts" table.
(j/insert! conn :accounts {:id 1 :balance 1000})
(j/insert! conn :accounts {:id 2 :balance 250})
;; Print out the balances.
(println "Initial balances:")
(->> (j/query conn ["SELECT id, balance FROM accounts"])
(map println)
doall)
))
(defn -main [& args]
(test-basic))
Run with:
$ lein run
Transaction (with retry logic)
Next, use the following code to again connect as the maxroach user but this time execute a batch of statements as an atomic transaction to transfer funds from one account to another, where all included statements are either committed or aborted.
Copy the code below to myapp/src/test/test.clj or
download it directly. Again, preserve the file name test.clj.
CockroachDB may require the client to retry a transaction in case of read/write contention. CockroachDB provides a generic retry function that runs inside a transaction and retries it as needed. You can copy and paste the retry function from here into your code.
(ns test.test
(:require [clojure.java.jdbc :as j]
[test.util :as util]))
;; Define the connection parameters to the cluster.
(def db-spec {:dbtype "postgresql"
:dbname "bank"
:host "localhost"
:port "26257"
:ssl true
:sslmode "require"
:sslcert "certs/client.maxroach.crt"
:sslkey "certs/client.maxroach.key.pk8"
:user "maxroach"})
;; The transaction we want to run.
(defn transferFunds
[txn from to amount]
;; Check the current balance.
(let [fromBalance (->> (j/query txn ["SELECT balance FROM accounts WHERE id = ?" from])
(mapv :balance)
(first))]
(when (< fromBalance amount)
(throw (Exception. "Insufficient funds"))))
;; Perform the transfer.
(j/execute! txn [(str "UPDATE accounts SET balance = balance - " amount " WHERE id = " from)])
(j/execute! txn [(str "UPDATE accounts SET balance = balance + " amount " WHERE id = " to)]))
(defn test-txn []
;; Connect to the cluster and run the code below with
;; the connection object bound to 'conn'.
(j/with-db-connection [conn db-spec]
;; Execute the transaction within an automatic retry block;
;; the transaction object is bound to 'txn'.
(util/with-txn-retry [txn conn]
(transferFunds txn 1 2 100))
;; Execute a query outside of an automatic retry block.
(println "Balances after transfer:")
(->> (j/query conn ["SELECT id, balance FROM accounts"])
(map println)
(doall))))
(defn -main [& args]
(test-txn))
Run with:
$ lein run
After running the code, use the built-in SQL client to verify that funds were transferred from one account to another:
$ cockroach sql --certs-dir=certs -e 'SELECT id, balance FROM accounts' --database=bank
id | balance
+----+---------+
1 | 900
2 | 350
(2 rows)
Step 2. Create the maxroach user and bank database
Start the built-in SQL client:
$ cockroach sql --insecure
In the SQL shell, issue the following statements to create the maxroach user and bank database:
> CREATE USER IF NOT EXISTS maxroach;
> CREATE DATABASE bank;
Give the maxroach user the necessary permissions:
> GRANT ALL ON DATABASE bank TO maxroach;
Exit the SQL shell:
> \q
Step 3. Create a table in the new database
As the maxroach user, use the built-in SQL client to create an accounts table in the new database.
$ cockroach sql --insecure \
--database=bank \
--user=maxroach \
-e 'CREATE TABLE accounts (id INT PRIMARY KEY, balance INT)'
Step 4. Run the Clojure code
Now that you have a database and a user, you'll run code to create a table and insert some rows, and then you'll run code to read and update values as an atomic transaction.
Create a basic Clojure/JDBC project
- Create a new directory
myapp. Create a file
myapp/project.cljand populate it with the following code, or download it directly.(defproject test "0.1" :description "CockroachDB test" :url "http://cockroachlabs.com/" :dependencies [[org.clojure/clojure "1.8.0"] [org.clojure/java.jdbc "0.6.1"] [org.postgresql/postgresql "9.4.1211"]] :main test.test)Create a file
myapp/src/test/util.cljand populate it with the code from this file. Be sure to place the file in the subdirectorysrc/testin your project.
Basic statements
First, use the following code to connect as the maxroach user and execute some basic SQL statements, inserting rows and reading and printing the rows.
Create a file myapp/src/test/test.clj and copy the code below to it, or download it directly. Be sure to rename this file to test.clj in the subdirectory src/test in your project.
(ns test.test
(:require [clojure.java.jdbc :as j]
[test.util :as util]))
;; Define the connection parameters to the cluster.
(def db-spec {:dbtype "postgresql"
:dbname "bank"
:host "localhost"
:port "26257"
:user "maxroach"})
(defn test-basic []
;; Connect to the cluster and run the code below with
;; the connection object bound to 'conn'.
(j/with-db-connection [conn db-spec]
;; Insert two rows into the "accounts" table.
(j/insert! conn :accounts {:id 1 :balance 1000})
(j/insert! conn :accounts {:id 2 :balance 250})
;; Print out the balances.
(println "Initial balances:")
(->> (j/query conn ["SELECT id, balance FROM accounts"])
(map println)
doall)
))
(defn -main [& args]
(test-basic))
Run with:
$ lein run
Transaction (with retry logic)
Next, use the following code to again connect as the maxroach user but this time execute a batch of statements as an atomic transaction to transfer funds from one account to another, where all included statements are either committed or aborted.
Copy the code below to myapp/src/test/test.clj or
download it directly. Again, preserve the file name test.clj.
CockroachDB may require the client to retry a transaction in case of read/write contention. CockroachDB provides a generic retry function that runs inside a transaction and retries it as needed. You can copy and paste the retry function from here into your code.
(ns test.test
(:require [clojure.java.jdbc :as j]
[test.util :as util]))
;; Define the connection parameters to the cluster.
(def db-spec {:dbtype "postgresql"
:dbname "bank"
:host "localhost"
:port "26257"
:user "maxroach"})
;; The transaction we want to run.
(defn transferFunds
[txn from to amount]
;; Check the current balance.
(let [fromBalance (->> (j/query txn ["SELECT balance FROM accounts WHERE id = ?" from])
(mapv :balance)
(first))]
(when (< fromBalance amount)
(throw (Exception. "Insufficient funds"))))
;; Perform the transfer.
(j/execute! txn [(str "UPDATE accounts SET balance = balance - " amount " WHERE id = " from)])
(j/execute! txn [(str "UPDATE accounts SET balance = balance + " amount " WHERE id = " to)]))
(defn test-txn []
;; Connect to the cluster and run the code below with
;; the connection object bound to 'conn'.
(j/with-db-connection [conn db-spec]
;; Execute the transaction within an automatic retry block;
;; the transaction object is bound to 'txn'.
(util/with-txn-retry [txn conn]
(transferFunds txn 1 2 100))
;; Execute a query outside of an automatic retry block.
(println "Balances after transfer:")
(->> (j/query conn ["SELECT id, balance FROM accounts"])
(map println)
(doall))))
(defn -main [& args]
(test-txn))
Run with:
$ lein run
After running the code, use the built-in SQL client to verify that funds were transferred from one account to another:
$ cockroach sql --insecure -e 'SELECT id, balance FROM accounts' --database=bank
id | balance
+----+---------+
1 | 900
2 | 350
(2 rows)
What's next?
Read more about using the Clojure java.jdbc driver.
You might also be interested in the following pages:
- Client Connection Parameters
- Data Replication
- Fault Tolerance & Recovery
- Automatic Rebalancing
- Cross-Cloud Migration
- Follow-the-Workload
- Automated Operations
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