Glossary

This page defines terms that you will encounter throughout the documentation.

Database terms

Consistency

The requirement that a transaction must change affected data only in allowed ways. CockroachDB uses "consistency" in both the sense of ACID semantics and the CAP theorem, albeit less formally than either definition.

Isolation

The degree to which a transaction may be affected by other transactions running at the same time. CockroachDB provides the SERIALIZABLE isolation level, which is the highest possible and guarantees that every committed transaction has the same result as if each transaction were run one at a time.

Consensus

The process of reaching agreement on whether a transaction is committed or aborted. CockroachDB uses the Raft consensus protocol. In CockroachDB, when a range receives a write, a quorum of nodes containing replicas of the range acknowledge the write. This means your data is safely stored and a majority of nodes agree on the database's current state, even if some of the nodes are offline.

When a write does not achieve consensus, forward progress halts to maintain consistency within the cluster.

Replication

The process of creating and distributing copies of data, as well as ensuring that those copies remain consistent. CockroachDB requires all writes to propagate to a quorum of copies of the data before being considered committed. This ensures the consistency of your data.

Transaction

A set of operations performed on a database that satisfy the requirements of ACID semantics. This is a crucial feature for a consistent system to ensure developers can trust the data in their database. For more information about how transactions work in CockroachDB, see Transaction Layer.

Transaction contention

A state of conflict that occurs when:

• A transaction is unable to complete due to another concurrent or recent transaction attempting to write to the same data. This is also called lock contention.
• A transaction is automatically retried because it could not be placed into a serializable ordering among all of the currently executing transactions. This is also called a serializability conflict. If the automatic retry is not possible or fails, a transaction retry error is emitted to the client, requiring the client application to retry the transaction.

Steps should be taken to reduce transaction contention in the first place.

Multi-active availability

A consensus-based notion of high availability that lets each node in the cluster handle reads and writes for a subset of the stored data (on a per-range basis). This is in contrast to active-passive replication, in which the active node receives 100% of request traffic, and active-active replication, in which all nodes accept requests but typically cannot guarantee that reads are both up-to-date and fast.

User

A SQL user is an identity capable of executing SQL statements and performing other cluster actions against CockroachDB clusters. SQL users must authenticate with an option permitted on the cluster (username/password, single sign-on (SSO), or certificate). Note that a SQL/cluster user is distinct from a CockroachDB Cloud organization user.

CockroachDB architecture terms

Cluster

A group of interconnected CockroachDB nodes that function as a single distributed SQL database server. Nodes collaboratively organize transactions, and rebalance workload and data storage to optimize performance and fault-tolerance.

Each cluster has its own authorization hierarchy, meaning that users and roles must be defined on that specific cluster.

A CockroachDB cluster can be run in CockroachDB Cloud, within a customer Organization, or can be self-hosted.

Node

An individual instance of CockroachDB. One or more nodes form a cluster.

Range

CockroachDB stores all user data (tables, indexes, etc.) and almost all system data in a sorted map of key-value pairs. This keyspace is divided into contiguous chunks called ranges, such that every key is found in one range.

From a SQL perspective, a table and its secondary indexes initially map to a single range, where each key-value pair in the range represents a single row in the table (also called the primary index because the table is sorted by the primary key) or a single row in a secondary index. As soon as the size of a range reaches the default range size, it is split into two ranges. This process continues for these new ranges as the table and its indexes continue growing.

Replica

A copy of a range stored on a node. By default, there are three replicas of each range on different nodes.

Leaseholder

The replica that holds the "range lease." This replica receives and coordinates all read and write requests for the range.

For most types of tables and queries, the leaseholder is the only replica that can serve consistent reads (reads that return "the latest" data).

Raft protocol

The consensus protocol employed in CockroachDB that ensures that your data is safely stored on multiple nodes and that those nodes agree on the current state even if some of them are temporarily disconnected.

Raft leader

For each range, the replica that is the "leader" for write requests. The leader uses the Raft protocol to ensure that a majority of replicas (the leader and enough followers) agree, based on their Raft logs, before committing the write. The Raft leader is almost always the same replica as the leaseholder.

Raft log

A time-ordered log of writes to a range that its replicas have agreed on. This log exists on-disk with each replica and is the range's source of truth for consistent replication.

For more information on CockroachDB architecture, see Architecture Overview.

CockroachDB deployment terms

Single-tenant

A type of CockroachDB deployment where a single customer uses the database cluster.

Multi-tenant

A type of CockroachDB deployment where multiple customers share a single storage cluster. Each customer sees a virtual CockroachDB cluster. Data in each virtual cluster is isolated and is invisible to other customers.

Region

A logical identification of how nodes and data are clustered around geographical locations. A cluster region is the set of locations where cluster nodes are running. A database region is the subset of cluster regions database data should be restricted to.

Availability zone

A part of a data center that is considered to form a unit with regards to failures and fault tolerance. There can be multiple nodes in a single availability zone, however Cockroach Labs recommends that you to place different replicas of your data in different availability zones.

CockroachDB Serverless

A fully managed, multi-tenant CockroachDB deployment, in a single region and cloud (AWS or GCP). Delivers an instant, autoscaling database and offers a generous free tier and consumption based billing once free limits are exceeded. Billed and scaled according to the resources consumed.

CockroachDB Dedicated

A fully managed, single tenant CockroachDB deployment in a single region or multi-region cloud (AWS or GCP), billed according to the resources provisioned for the cluster. This service tier offers advanced security features.

CockroachDB Self-Hosted

A full featured, self-managed CockroachDB deployment.

For more information on deployment options and guidelines on how to choose a deployment option, see How to Choose a Deployment Option.

CockroachDB Cloud terms

Organization

In CockroachDB Cloud, an organization corresponds to an authorization hierarchy rooted linked to a billing account. The admins of the organization can add or invite other users to it.

To learn more, refer to Overview of the CockroachDB Cloud authorization model.

User

A CockroachDB Cloud user can belong to one or more organizations.

Organization users are granted permissions to perform organization and cluster administration functions through one or more roles: Organization user roles.

Service Account

A service account is a type of identity similar to an Organization user, but is intended to be used for automation.

Service accounts authenticate with API keys to the CockroachDB Cloud API, rather than to the CockroachDB Cloud Console UI.

Service accounts operate under a unified authorization model with organization users, and can be assigned all of the same organization roles as users.

To learn more, refer to Manage Service Accountsmanaging-access.html#manage-service-accounts)

CockroachDB Serverless cluster

A CockroachDB Cloud cluster deployed on request for a specific customer in shared network and compute infrastructure.

CockroachDB Dedicated cluster

A CockroachDB Cloud cluster deployed on request for a specific customer, in a cloud provider's network and compute infrastructure dedicated to that customer, which can be distributed over multiple regions for added disaster-resilience. In addition to infrastructure isolation, dedicated clusters can be customized with advanced network, identity-management, and encryption-related security features.

Request Unit (RU)

Represents the compute and I/O resources used by a query. All database operations in CockroachDB Serverless cost a certain amount of RUs depending on the resources used. For example, a "small read" might cost 2 RUs, and a "large read" such as a full table scan with indexes could cost a large number of RUs. You can see how many Request Units your cluster has used on the Cluster Overview page.

Resource limits

The maximum amounts of storage and RUs a CockroachDB Serverless cluster can use in a particular billing period. The amount you are billed is based on the actual resources the cluster used during that billing period.

Storage

Disk space for permanently storing data over time. All data in CockroachDB Serverless is automatically replicated three times and distributed across Availability Zones to survive outages. Storage is measured in units of GiB-months, which is the amount of data stored multiplied by how long it was stored. Storing 10 GiB for a month and storing 1 GiB for 10 months are both 10 GiB-months. The storage you see in the Cluster Overview page is the amount of data before considering the replication multiplier.

For more information on CockroachDB Cloud, see CockroachDB Cloud Architecture.

Spatial and GIS terms

This section contains a glossary of terms common to spatial databases and geographic information systems (GIS). Where possible, we provide links to further information.

Geometry terms

Bounding box

Given a set of points, a bounding box is the smallest rectangle that encloses all of the points in the set. Due to edge cases in how geographic points are mapped to cartographic projections, a bounding box for a given set of points may be larger than expected.

Spheroid

A spheroid (also known as an ellipsoid) is essentially a "slightly squished" sphere. Spheroids are used to represent almost-but-not-quite spherical objects. For example, a spheroid is used to represent the Earth in the World Geodetic System standard.

Cartographic projection

A cartographic projection, or map projection, is the process used to represent 3-dimensional (or higher) data on a 2-dimensional surface. This is usually related to how we might display 3-dimensional shapes represented in a database by the GEOGRAPHY data type on the surface of a map, which is a flat plane. For more information, see the GIS Lounge article What is a Map Projection? by Caitlin Dempsey.

Covering

The covering of a shape A is a set of locations (in CockroachDB, S2 cell IDs) that comprise another shape B such that no points of A lie outside of B.

Geocoder

Takes an address or the name of a place, and returns latitude and longitude coordinates. For more information, see the Wikipedia article on Geocoding.

Nearest-neighbor search

Given a starting point on a map and a set of search criteria, find the specified number of points nearest the starting point that meet the criteria. For example, a nearest-neighbor search can be used to answer the question, "What are the 10 closest Waffle House restaurants to my current location?" This is also sometimes referred to as "k nearest-neighbor" search.

SRID

The Spatial Referencing System Identifier (a.k.a. SRID) is used to tell which spatial reference system will be used to interpret each spatial object. A commonly used SRID is 4326, which represents spatial data using longitude and latitude coordinates on the Earth's surface as defined in the WGS84 standard.

Spatial reference system

Used to define what a spatial object "means". For example, a spatial object could use geographic coordinates using latitude and longitude, or a geometry projection using points with X,Y coordinates in a 2-dimensional plane.

Data types

GEOMETRY

Used to represent shapes relative to 2-, 3-, or higher-dimensional plane geometry. For more information about the spatial objects used to represent geometries, see: - POINT - LINESTRING - POLYGON - MULTIPOINT - MULTILINESTRING - MULTIPOLYGON - GEOMETRYCOLLECTION

GEOGRAPHY

Used to represent shapes relative to locations on the Earth's spheroidal surface.

Data formats

WKT

The "Well Known Text" data format is a convenient human-readable notation for representing spatial objects. For example a 2-dimensional point object with x- and y-coordinates is represented in WKT as POINT(123,456). This format is defined by the OGC. For more information, see the Well Known Text documentation.

EWKT

The "Extended Well Known Text" data format extends WKT by prepending an SRID to the shape's description. For more information, see the Well Known Text documentation.

WKB

The "Well Known Binary" data format is a convenient machine-readable binary representation for spatial objects. For efficiency, an application may choose to use this data format, but humans may prefer to read WKT. This format is defined by the OGC. For more information, see Well Known Binary.

EWKB

The "Extended Well Known Binary" data format extends WKB by prepending SRID information to the shape's description. For more information, see Well Known Binary.

Organizations

OSGeo

The Open Source Geospatial Foundation. For more information, see https://www.osgeo.org.

OGC

The Open Geospatial Consortium was formerly known as the "Open GIS Consortium". The organization is still referred to colloquially as "OpenGIS" in many places online. The OGC is a consortium of businesses, government agencies, universities, etc., described as "a worldwide community committed to improving access to geospatial (location) information."

MapBox

A company providing a location data platform for mobile and web applications. For more information, see https://www.mapbox.com/.

Esri

A company providing "location intelligence" services. Esri develops spatial and GIS software, including the popular ArcGIS package. For more information about Esri, see https://www.esri.com.

Industry Standards

SQL/MM

The SQL Multimedia Applications specification. The part of this standard that applies to SQL geospatial data types is defined in part 3 of the ISO/IEC 13249 document. For a freely available paper discussing the geospatial data types and functions defined by the standard, see the (PDF) paper SQL/MM Spatial: The Standard to Manage Spatial Data in Relational Database Systems, by Knut Stolze.

WGS84

The latest revision of the World Geodetic System standard (from 1984 CE), which defines a standard spheroidal reference system for mapping the Earth. See also: spheroid, cartographic projection.

DE-9IM

The Dimensionally Extended nine-Intersection Model (DE-9IM) defines a method that uses a 3x3 matrix to determine whether two shapes (1) touch along a boundary, (2), intersect (overlap), or (3) are equal to each other - that is, they are the same shape that covers the same area. This notation is used by the ST_Relate built-in function. Almost all other spatial predicate functions can be logically implemented using this model. However, in practice, most are not, and ST_Relate is reserved for advanced use cases.

File Formats

Shapefile

A spatial data file format developed by Esri and used by GIS software for storing geospatial data. It can be automatically converted to SQL by tools like shp2pgsql for use by a database that can run spatial queries.

Vector file

A file format that uses a non-pixel-based, abstract coordinate representation for geospatial data. Because it is abstract and not tied to pixels, the vector format is scalable. The motivation is similar to that behind the Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) image format: scaling the image up or down does not reveal any "jaggedness" (due to loss of information) such as might be revealed by a pixel representation. However, vector files are usually much larger in size and more expensive (in terms of CPU, memory, and disk) to work with than Raster files.

Raster file

A file format that uses a non-scalable, pixel-based representation for geospatial data. Raster files are smaller and generally faster to read, write, or generate than Vector files. However, raster files have inferior image quality and/or accuracy when compared to vector files: they can appear "jagged" due to the reduced information available when compared to vector files.

GeoJSON

A format for encoding geometric and geographic data as JSON. For more information, see GeoJSON.

Software and Code Libraries

GIS

A "Geographic Information System" (or GIS) is used to store geographic information in a computer for processing and interaction by humans and/or other software. Some systems provide graphical "point and click" user interfaces, and some are embedded in programming languages or data query languages like SQL. For example, CockroachDB versions 20.2 and later provide support for executing spatial queries from SQL.

ArcGIS

A commercial GIS software package developed by the location intelligence company Esri. For more information, see Esri's ArcGIS overview.

PostGIS

An extension to the PostgreSQL database that adds support for geospatial queries. For more information, see postgis.net.

GEOS

An open source geometry library used by CockroachDB, PostGIS, and other projects to provide the calculations underlying various spatial predicate functions and operators. For more information, see http://trac.osgeo.org/geos/.

GeographicLib

A C++ library for performing various geographic and other calculations used by CockroachDB and other projects. For more information, see https://geographiclib.sourceforge.io.

GDAL

A Geospatial Data Abstraction Library used to provide support for many types of raster file formats. Used in PostGIS. For more information, see https://www.gdal.org/.

PROJ

A cartographic projection library. Used by CockroachDB and other projects. For more information, see https://proj.org/.

GeoBuf

A compact binary encoding developed by MapBox that provides nearly lossless compression of GeoJSON data into protocol buffers. For more information, see https://github.com/mapbox/geobuf.

CGAL

The computational geometry algorithms library. For more information, see https://www.cgal.org.

SFCGAL

A C++ wrapper library around CGAL. For more information, see http://www.sfcgal.org.

TIGER

The "Topographically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing System" released by the U.S. Census Bureau.

S2

The S2 Geometry Library is a C++ code library for performing spherical geometry computations. It models a sphere using a quadtree "divide the space" approach, and is used by CockroachDB.

Spatial objects

This section has information about the representation of geometric and geographic "shapes" according to the SQL/MM standard.

Point

A point is a sizeless location identified by its X and Y coordinates. These coordinates are then translated according to the spatial reference system to determine what the point "is", or what it "means" relative to the other geometric objects (if any) in the data set. A point can be created in SQL by the ST_Point() function.

LineString

A linestring is a collection of points that are "strung together" into one geometric object, like a necklace. If the "necklace" were "closed", it could also represent a polygon. A linestring can also be used to represent an arbitrary curve, such as a Bézier curve.

Polygon

A polygon is a closed shape that can be made up of straight or curved lines. It can be thought of as a "closed" linestring. Irregular polygons can take on almost any arbitrary shape. Common regular polygons include: squares, rectangles, hexagons, and so forth. For more information about regular polygons, see the 'Regular polygon' Wikipedia article.

GeometryCollection

A geometry collection is a "box" or "bag" used for gathering 1 or more of the other types of objects defined above into a collection: namely, points, linestrings, or polygons. In the particular case of SQL, it provides a way of referring to a group of spatial objects as one "thing" so that you can operate on it/them more conveniently, using various SQL functions.

Spatial System tables

pg_extension

A table used by the PostgreSQL database to store information about extensions to that database. Provided for compatibility by CockroachDB. For more information, see the PostgreSQL documentation.

spatial_ref_sys

A SQL table defined by the OGC that holds the list of SRIDs supported by a database, e.g., SELECT count(*) FROM spatial_ref_sys;

geometry_columns

Used to list all of the columns in a database with the GEOMETRY data type, e.g., SELECT * from geometry_columns.

geography_columns

Used to list all of the columns in a database with the GEOGRAPHY data type, e.g., SELECT * FROM geography_columns.