The TIMESTAMP
and TIMESTAMPTZ
data types store a date and time pair in UTC.
Variants
TIMESTAMP
has two variants:
TIMESTAMP
presents allTIMESTAMP
values in UTC.TIMESTAMPTZ
convertsTIMESTAMP
values from UTC to the client's session time zone (unless another time zone is specified for the value). However, it is conceptually important to note thatTIMESTAMPTZ
does not store any time zone data.Note:The default session time zone is UTC, which means that by default
TIMESTAMPTZ
values display in UTC.
The difference between these two variants is that TIMESTAMPTZ
uses the client's session time zone, while the other simply does not. This behavior extends to functions like now()
and extract()
on TIMESTAMPTZ
values.
A time zone offset of +00:00
is displayed for all TIME
and TIMESTAMP
values, but is not stored in the database.
You can use the timezone()
and AT TIME ZONE
functions to convert a TIMESTAMPTZ
into a TIMESTAMP
at a specified timezone, or to convert a TIMESTAMP
into a TIMESTAMPTZ
at a specified timezone.
Best practices
We recommend always using the TIMESTAMPTZ
variant because the TIMESTAMP
variant can sometimes lead to unexpected behaviors when it ignores a session offset. However, we also recommend you avoid setting a session time zone offset for your database.
Aliases
In CockroachDB, the following are aliases:
TIMESTAMP
,TIMESTAMP WITHOUT TIME ZONE
TIMESTAMPTZ
,TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE
Syntax
You can express a constant value of type TIMESTAMP
/TIMESTAMPTZ
using an interpreted literal, or a string literal annotated with type TIMESTAMP
/TIMESTAMPTZ
or coerced to type TIMESTAMP
/TIMESTAMPTZ
. When it is unambiguous, a simple unannotated string literal is automatically interpreted as type TIMESTAMP
or TIMESTAMPTZ
.
You can express TIMESTAMP
constants using the following string literal formats:
Format | Example |
---|---|
Date only | TIMESTAMP '2016-01-25' |
Date and Time | TIMESTAMP '2016-01-25 10:10:10.555555' |
ISO 8601 | TIMESTAMP '2016-01-25T10:10:10.555555' |
To express a TIMESTAMPTZ
value with time zone offset from UTC, use the following format: TIMESTAMPTZ '2016-01-25 10:10:10.555555-05:00'
. The fractional portion is optional and is rounded to microseconds (6 digits after decimal) for compatibility with the PostgreSQL wire protocol.
By default, CockroachDB interprets truncated dates (e.g., 12-16-06
) as MM-DD-YY
. To change the input string format of truncated dates, set the datestyle
session variable or the sql.defaults.datestyle
cluster setting.
Use ALTER ROLE ALL SET {sessionvar} = {val}
instead of the sql.defaults.*
cluster settings. This allows you to set a default value for all users for any session variable that applies during login, making the sql.defaults.*
cluster settings redundant.
Size
A TIMESTAMP
/TIMESTAMPTZ
column supports values up to 12 bytes in width, but the total storage size is likely to be larger due to CockroachDB metadata.
Precision
CockroachDB supports precision levels from 0 (seconds) to 6 (microseconds) for TIMESTAMP
/TIMESTAMPTZ
values. Precision in time values specifies the number of fractional digits retained in the seconds field. For example, specifying a TIMESTAMPTZ
value as TIMESTAMPTZ(3)
truncates the time component to milliseconds. By default, TIMESTAMP
/TIMESTAMPTZ
values have a precision of 6 (microseconds).
You can use an ALTER COLUMN ... SET DATA TYPE
statement to change the precision level of a TIMESTAMP
/TIMESTAMPTZ
-typed column. If there is already a non-default precision level specified for the column, the precision level can only be changed to an equal or greater precision level. For an example, see Create a table with a TIMESTAMP
-typed column, with precision.
Supported casting and conversion
TIMESTAMP
values can be cast to any of the following data types:
Type | Details |
---|---|
DECIMAL |
Converts to number of seconds since the Unix epoch (Jan. 1, 1970). |
FLOAT |
Converts to number of seconds since the Unix epoch (Jan. 1, 1970). |
TIME |
Converts to the time portion (HH:MM:SS ) of the timestamp. |
INT |
Converts to number of seconds since the Unix epoch (Jan. 1, 1970). |
DATE |
Converts to the date (YYYY-MM-DD ) of the timestamp and omits the other information. |
STRING |
Converts to the date and time portion (YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS ) of the timestamp and omits the time zone offset. |
Infinity TIMESTAMP
casts
CockroachDB does not support an infinity
/-infinity
representation for TIMESTAMP
casts. Instead, infinity::TIMESTAMP
evaluates to 294276-12-31 23:59:59.999999+00:00
, the maximum TIMESTAMP
value supported, and -infinity::TIMESTAMP
evaluates to -4714-11-24 00:00:00+00:00
, the minimum TIMESTAMP
value supported.
Note that this behavior differs from PostgreSQL, for which infinity
is higher than any allowable TIMESTAMP
value (including 294276-12-31 23:59:59.999999+00:00
), and -infinity
is lower than any allowable TIMESTAMP
value (including -4714-11-24 00:00:00+00:00
).
Examples
Create a table with a TIMESTAMPTZ
-typed column
> CREATE TABLE timestamps (a INT PRIMARY KEY, b TIMESTAMPTZ);
> SHOW COLUMNS FROM timestamps;
column_name | data_type | is_nullable | column_default | generation_expression | indices | is_hidden
+-------------+-------------+-------------+----------------+-----------------------+-----------+-----------+
a | INT8 | false | NULL | | {primary} | false
b | TIMESTAMPTZ | true | NULL | | {primary} | false
(2 rows)
> INSERT INTO timestamps VALUES (1, TIMESTAMPTZ '2016-03-26 10:10:10-05:00'), (2, TIMESTAMPTZ '2016-03-26');
> SELECT * FROM timestamps;
a | b
+---+---------------------------+
1 | 2016-03-26 15:10:10+00:00
2 | 2016-03-26 00:00:00+00:00
(2 rows)
Create a table with a TIMESTAMP
-typed column, with precision
> CREATE TABLE timestamps (a INT PRIMARY KEY, b TIMESTAMP(3));
> SHOW COLUMNS FROM timestamps;
column_name | data_type | is_nullable | column_default | generation_expression | indices | is_hidden
--------------+--------------+-------------+----------------+-----------------------+-----------+------------
a | INT8 | false | NULL | | {primary} | false
b | TIMESTAMP(3) | true | NULL | | {primary} | false
(2 rows)
> INSERT INTO timestamps VALUES (1, TIMESTAMP '2020-03-25 12:00:00.123456'), (2, TIMESTAMP '2020-03-26 4:00:00.123456');
> SELECT * FROM timestamps;
a | b
----+--------------------------------
1 | 2020-03-25 12:00:00.123+00:00
2 | 2020-03-26 04:00:00.123+00:00
(2 rows)
To change the precision level of a column, you can use an ALTER COLUMN ... SET DATA TYPE
statement:
> ALTER TABLE timestamps ALTER COLUMN b SET DATA TYPE TIMESTAMP(4);
ALTER TABLE
> SHOW COLUMNS FROM timestamps;
column_name | data_type | is_nullable | column_default | generation_expression | indices | is_hidden
--------------+--------------+-------------+----------------+-----------------------+-----------+------------
a | INT8 | false | NULL | | {primary} | false
b | TIMESTAMP(4) | true | NULL | | {primary} | false
(2 rows)
When changing precision level, TIMESTAMP
can be changed to TIMESTAMPTZ
, and TIMESTAMPTZ
can be changed to TIMESTAMP
:
> ALTER TABLE timestamps ALTER COLUMN b SET DATA TYPE TIMESTAMPTZ(5);
ALTER TABLE
> SHOW COLUMNS FROM timestamps;
column_name | data_type | is_nullable | column_default | generation_expression | indices | is_hidden
--------------+----------------+-------------+----------------+-----------------------+-----------+------------
a | INT8 | false | NULL | | {primary} | false
b | TIMESTAMPTZ(5) | true | NULL | | {primary} | false
(2 rows)
If a non-default precision level has already been specified, you cannot change the precision to a lower level.
In this case, the b
column, which is of type TIMESTAMPTZ(5)
, cannot be changed to a precision level below 5
:
> ALTER TABLE timestamps ALTER COLUMN b SET DATA TYPE TIMESTAMPTZ(3);
ERROR: unimplemented: type conversion from TIMESTAMPTZ(5) to TIMESTAMPTZ(3) requires overwriting existing values which is not yet implemented
SQLSTATE: 0A000
Convert a TIMESTAMP
to seconds since epoch
SELECT now()::int;
Convert a TIMESTAMP
to milliseconds since epoch
SELECT (now()::float*1000)::int;
Convert a TIMESTAMP
to microseconds since epoch
SELECT (now()::float*1000000)::int;
Convert an INT
(seconds since epoch) to timestamp
SELECT 1597868006::timestamp;
Convert a STRING
(seconds since epoch) to timestamp
SELECT '1597868006'::int::timestamp;
Convert an INT
(milliseconds since epoch) to timestamp
Note that TIMESTAMP epoch'
is the equivalent of 0::timestamp
.
SELECT TIMESTAMP 'epoch' + (1597868048960::float/1000)::interval;
Convert a STRING
(milliseconds since epoch) to timestamp
SELECT TIMESTAMP 'epoch' + ('1597868048960'::float/1000)::interval;
SELECT TIMESTAMP 'epoch' + ('1597868048960'::INT8) * '1 ms'::interval;
SELECT TIMESTAMP 'epoch' + ('1597868048960'::INT8) * '1 millisecond'::interval;
SELECT TIMESTAMP 'epoch' + ('1597868048960' || 'ms')::interval;
SELECT TIMESTAMP 'epoch' + ('1597868048960' || 'milliseconds')::interval;
Convert an INT
(microseconds since epoch) to timestamp
SELECT TIMESTAMP 'epoch' + (1597868402212060::float/1000000)::interval;
Convert a STRING
(microseconds since epoch) to timestamp
SELECT TIMESTAMP 'epoch' + ('1597868402212060'::INT8) * '1 μs'::interval;
SELECT TIMESTAMP 'epoch' + ('1597868402212060'::INT8) * '1 microsecond'::interval;
SELECT TIMESTAMP 'epoch' + ('1597868402212060' || ' μs')::interval;
SELECT TIMESTAMP 'epoch' + ('1597868402212060' || ' microseconds')::interval;
SELECT TIMESTAMP 'epoch' + ('1597868402212060'::float/1000000)::interval;